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The PACz series was developed by Getautis and Albrecht et al. as a hole-selective layer suitable for p-i-n ("inverted") architecture perovskite solar cells.1) Hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be formed on transparent electrodes such as ITO owing to phosphonic acid anchors of PACzs that form covalent bonds on the metal oxide surface. Both spin-coating and dip-coating methods are effective for fabricating PACz SAMs. PACz SAMs have been reported to achieve effective hole extraction and small density of trap states, and thus achieve higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability compared to cells using PTAA (= poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trime-thylphenyl)amine]), which is commonly used in p-i-n type cells. PACzs have also formed SAMs on a compound semiconductor, CIGSe, indicating compatibility with tandem cells. Furthermore, studies have shown that PACzs contribute to improved PCE and stability in organic photovoltaics,2,3) and can be applied as an electron selective layer on a crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell.4) We provide 2PACz series including 2PACz, MeO-2PACz, Me-2PACz, Br-2PACz, Cl-2PACz, F-2PACz, and I-2PACz, and 4PACz series including 4PACz, MeO-4PACz, Me-4PACz, and Br-4PACz.
3PATAT-C3 is a hole-collecting SAM forming material developed by Wakamiya et al.5) The planar π-structure and three phosphonic acid anchors enable the formation of SAMs oriented face-on to the substrate. This is expected to result in efficient charge collection.
Musiienko, Malinauskas, Azmi, and De Wolf et al. developed an electron-selective SAM molecule named PANDI for n-i-p ("direct") architecture perovskite solar cells.6) Owing to its high electric dipole moment, PANDI has been reported to facilitate efficient charge extraction and suppress non-radiative recombination on the interface. PANDI can replace conventional metal oxide electron transport layer such as titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) and Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2). PANDI can form an electron-selective layer by annealing at 100 °C, which is advantageous for fabrication on flexible substrates.
We have the PACz series , 3PATAT-C3, and PANDI Isopropyl Alcohol Adduct in our catalog. Please feel free to inquire for bulk supply options.
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PACz series
The 2PACz and 4PACz series are covered by a joint patent pending (PCT/EP2019/060586) of Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Germany and Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. TCI has been granted the right to manufacture and sell these materials.
3PATAT-C3
3PATAT-C3 is commercialized under the instruction of Professor Atsushi Wakamiya, and under an invention license by EneCoat Technologies Co., Ltd.
PANDI
The PANDI is covered by a patent pending (US Patent Application No. 18/416,458) for which Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Lithuania, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia, are co-applicants. TCI has been granted the right to manufacture and sell this material.
Materials Processing of PACz series
Method 1: Dip coating
suitable for large-area coating and textured substrates
Method 2: Spin coating
suitable for fast research and optimization
*The minimum needed dipping time can vary from minutes to hours. After some further testing with 2PACz, researchers found more reproducible results with rather 0.5 mmol/L and 5 minutes dipping. Note that optimal concentration and dipping time may vary depending on the used substrate oxide and pre-treatment.
- The SAM forming agents can be processed within wide processing windows with higher reproducibility than current standard hole transport materials (like PTAA). The substrates (e.g. ITO) have to be clean and activated by, for example, UV-Ozone treatment.
- The SAM forming agent powders were usually dissolved in ethanol or isopropanol (1 mmol/L ≈ 0.3 mg/mL), MeO-2PACz powder was stored in air, while 2PACz and Me-4PACz were stored in a N2-filled glovebox.
Materials Processing of PANDI 6)
- Dissolve PANDI in chlorobenzene (0.5-1.0 mg/mL).
- Spin-coat the solution onto ITO glass (5000 rpm, 30 seconds).
- Anneal the substrate at 100°C for 10 minutes.
- Wash the formed SAM layer with chlorobenzene.
References
- 1) Conformal monolayer contacts with lossless interfaces for perovskite single junction and monolithic tandem solar cells
- 2) 18.4% Organic Solar Cells Using a High Ionization Energy Self-Assembled Monolayer as Hole-Extraction Interlayer
- 3) 18.9% Efficient Organic Solar Cells Based on n-Doped Bulk-Heterojunction and Halogen-Substituted Self-Assembled Monolayers as Hole Extracting Interlayers
- 4) Efficient Silicon Solar Cells through Organic Self-Assembled Monolayers as Electron Selective Contacts
- 5) Tripodal Triazatruxene Derivative as a Face-On Oriented Hole-Collecting Monolayer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
- 6) Nonfullerene Self-Assembled Monolayers As Electron-SelectiveContacts for n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cells Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
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Hole-selective SAM Forming Agent Contributing to Improved Performance of OPVs: Cl-2PACz (PDF file)
SAM Formation Reagent with Face-on Orientation to Substrate Surface: 3PATAT-C3 (PDF file)
n-Type SAM Forming Agent Enabling Efficient Perovskite Solar Cell: PANDI (PDF file)