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Published TCIMAIL newest issue No.201
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Efflux Pump Research
What's Efflux Pump?
The ways that bacteria aquire resistance to antibiotics are explained as two approaches: decreasing the affinity of the target for the antibiotic by mutations in genes encoding them or decreasing the active concentration of the antibiotic inside the cell. For the latter approach, the mechanisms are classified in three categories shown below.
- Major mechanisms to decrease the active concentration of the antibiotic inside the cell
-
- Alteration of the cellular permeability to avoid the entry of antibiotics into the cells
- Inactivation of antibiotics by enzymatic modification
- Expression of efflux pumps to pump out antibiotics from the cellular milieu
- Superfamilies or families of transporter proteins
-
- ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily
- Multidrug and toxic compound extraction (MATE) superfamily
- Multidrug and toxic compound extraction (MATE) superfamily
- Resistance nodulation and cell division (RND) superfamily
- Small multidrug resistance (SMR) family
- Proteobacterial antibacterial compound efflux (PACE) superfamily
- Drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily
- p-Aminobenzoyl-glutamate transporter (AbgT) superfamily
- Main types of bacterial efflux pumps and examples of bacteria having the pumps
- ABC
- (MacAB-TolC) Escherichia coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(EfrAB) Enterococcus faecalis
(LmrA) Lactococcus lactis
(Msr) Streptococcus pyogenes
(PatA/PatB) Streptococcus pneumoniae - MATE
- (NorM) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(FepA) Listeria monocytogenes
(MepA) Staphylococcus aureus - MFS
- (EmrAB-TolC) Escherichia coli
(MdfA, MdtM) Escherichia coli
(QepA) Escherichia coli
(TetA) Escherichia coli
(Lde) Listeria monocytogenes
(NorA, Nor B, NorC) Staphylococcus aureus
(Mef) Streptococcus pneumoniae - RND
- (AcrAB-TolC) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica
(AdeABC) Acinetobacter baumannii
(CmeABC) Campylobacter jejuni
(MexAB-OprM) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(MtrCDE) Neisseria gonorrhoeae
(OqxAB) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica
(SmeDEF) Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
(TtgABC) Pseudomonas putida - SMR
- (AbeS) Acinetobacter baumannii
(EmrE) Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Qac) Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp., Enterococcus faecalis
Efflux pumps are found in both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and eukaryotic organisms. The pumps have an enormous impact on medicine owing to their increased resistance to antimicrobial agents. Efflux pumps are mainly grouped into the super-families shown below.
Main types of bacterial efflux pumps and examples of bacteria, including clinically important species, reported on efflux pump are in the below table.
( ); efflux pump; bacteria (blue letters (Gram negative), red letters (Gram positive))
References
- Multidrug efflux pumps: structure, function and regulation
- Bacterial Multidrug Efflux Pumps at the Frontline of Antimicrobial Resistance: An Overview
Efflux Pump Research Reagents
We offer the products for efflux pump research.
- Products
- References
- Acriflavine (Product No. A0134)
Acriflavine Hydrochloride (Product No. A0677) - J. Bacteriol. 2002, 184, 572.
Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 26, 266. - Artesunate (Product No. A2191)
- J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2011, 66, 769.
- Berberine Chloride Hydrate (Product No. B0450)
- Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2013, 51, 764.
Antibiotics 2019, 8, 229. - Berberine Sulfate (Product No. B0451)
- J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2012, 67, 2401.
- Capsaicin (Natural) (Product No. M1149)
- J. Microbiol. 2014, 7, e8691.
PLoS ONE 2021, 16, e0259915.
Infect. Drug Resist. 2021, 14, 1199. - CCCP (Product No. C2876)
- J. Microbiol. 2013, 6, e6792.
Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2008, 47, 298. - Celecoxib (Product No. C2816)
- Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 750.
- Cholecalciferol (Product No. C0314)
- Arch. Microbiol. 2017, 199, 465.
- Curcumin (Natural) (Product No. C0434)
Curcumin (Synthetic) (Product No. C2302) - Microbiology 1997, 143, 1901.
MicrobiologyOpen 2014, 3, 885. - Ethidium Bromide (Product No. E0370)
- Med. Chem. Commun. 2014, 5, 1540.
- Cuminaldehyde (Product No. I0168)
- EXCLI J. 2016, 15, 315.
- Farnesol (mixture of isomers) (Product No. T0608)
- J. Infect. Chemother. 2016, 22, 780.
Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2003, 26, 266. - Geraniol (Product No. G0027)
- Molecules 2010, 15, 7750.
- Haloperidol (Product No. H0912)
- Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2009, 53, 2209.
- Kaempferol (Product No. K0018)
- Mycopathologia 2020, 185, 279.
Saudi Pharm. J. 2022, 30, 245. - Methylene Blue Hydrate (Product No. M0501)
- PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0124814.
Biologia 2016, 71, 484. - Nerol (Product No. N0077)
- Microb. Pathog. 2016, 99, 173.
- Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (Product No. D0800)
- Med. Chem. Commun. 2014, 5, 1540.
- Osthole (Product No. O0426)
- Saudi Pharm. J. 2022, 30, 245.
- Pantoprazole (Product No. P2262)
- MicrobiologyOpen 2014, 3, 885.
- Plumbagin (Product No. P1139)
- Med. Mycol. 2020, 58, 906.
In vivo 2020, 34, 65.
Mycopathologia 2020, 185, 279.
Med. Mycol. 2018, 56, 1012. - Promethazine Hydrochloride (Product No. P2029)
- Indian J. Exp. Biol. 2013, 51, 764.
Antibiotics 2019, 8, 229. - Reserpine (Product No. R0007)
- Bio Protoc. 2017, 7, e2428.
- Rhodamine 6G (Product No. R0039)
- Med. Chem. Commun. 2014, 5, 1540.
